Ugbu a, ewezuga ngwaahịa ole na ole dị ọnụ ala na ụdị ngwaahịa dị iche iche dị n'ahịa, ọtụtụ ụdị ngwaahịa nwere nhazi nkwakọ ngwaahịa pụrụ iche nke ha, nke na-eme ka ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-akwalite ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa, kamakwa ọ na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na ngwaahịa ndị na-asọmpi ma na-emepụta uru ka mma.
1 Mmetụta nke ihe mkpuchi mmanya na mmanya
1.1 Ụdị ihe eji echekwa mmanya bụ isi
Ngwugwu mmanya na-agụnyekarị nkwakọ ngwaahịa mpụta na nkwakọ ngwaahịa mpụta. Ụdị ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa mpụta gụnyere akwụkwọ, plastik, ígwè na osisi; ụdị ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa mpụta gụnyere plastik, iko, osisi na seramiiki; na mgbakwunye, nkwakọ ngwaahịa mmanya e ji eme ihe n'oge ochie bụkwa ihe ọhụrụ, a na-ejikwakwa seramiiki, ngwaahịa jade na ngwaahịa kristal. A na-etinye ya na nkwakọ ngwaahịa mmanya.
1.2 Mmetụta nke ihe mkpuchi mmanya na mmanya
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe e ji kpuchie mmanya dị n'èzí adịghị na mmanya kpọmkwem, a pụghị ileghara mmetụta ya na mmanya anya.
1.2.1 N'ime ngwugwu mpụta, akwụkwọ bụ ihe kachasị mkpa e ji ekpuchi ihe, a pụghịkwa ileghara ihe egwu ndị zoro ezo ya anya. Isi ihe kpatara ya bụ na a ga-etinye kemịkalụ dịka ihe mgbochi nsị, ihe ndị na-ebelata nha ihe, na ihe ndị na-ejupụta ihe n'ime ihe n'ime ihe n'oge a na-eme akwụkwọ.
(na-eme ka akwụkwọ ghara ịpụta ìhè), bleach, agba, wdg. Ihe na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye bụ ncha rosin; ihe na-emeju ya bụ kaolin, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate na magnesium silicate; ihe na-eme ka mmiri jupụta bụ calcium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, sodium peroxide na hydrogen peroxide, wdg; ihe na-eme ka agba jupụta Jiri agba mmiri na-agbaze na agba agba. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze n'akwụkwọ sitere na ihe kemịkalụ dị ka ihe mgbakwunye pulp. N'ime agba ndị ahụ, a na-ejikarị ọla ndị dabeere na cadmium eme ihe na-acha uhie uhie, a na-ejikwa ọla ndị dabere na lead eme ihe na-acha odo odo, nke nwekwara ike ịgbaze na obere njupụta (mg/L ọkwa) ma kpatara ọrịa. A pụghị imebi ọla ndị dị arọ, n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, enwere ike ịba ha ọtụtụ puku ugboro n'okpuru bio-magnification nke usoro nri, wee banye n'ime ahụ mmadụ. Ígwè dị arọ nwere ike imekọrịta nke ọma na protein na enzymes n'ahụ mmadụ, na-eme ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ, ha nwekwara ike ịgbakọta n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ahụ mmadụ, na-ebute nsị na-adịghị ala ala. Ihe ndị na-agba agba akwụkwọ nwere agba fluorescent na-egbu egbu, akwụkwọ wax nwere monomers fọdụrụnụ, ụfọdụ wax nwekwara ihe ndị na-akpata kansa. Na mgbakwunye, a pụkwara ịgbaze formaldehyde eji eme ihe maka ọgwụ nje ma ọ bụ nhazi resin site na ngwaahịa akwụkwọ.
1.2 Mmetụta nke ihe mkpuchi mmanya na mmanya
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe e ji kpuchie mmanya dị n'èzí adịghị na mmanya kpọmkwem, a pụghị ileghara mmetụta ya na mmanya anya.
1.2.1 N'ime ngwugwu mpụta, akwụkwọ bụ ihe kachasị mkpa e ji ekpuchi ihe, a pụghịkwa ileghara ihe egwu ndị zoro ezo ya anya. Isi ihe kpatara ya bụ na a ga-etinye kemịkalụ dịka ihe mgbochi nsị, ihe ndị na-ebelata nha ihe, na ihe ndị na-ejupụta ihe n'ime ihe n'ime ihe n'oge a na-eme akwụkwọ.
(na-eme ka akwụkwọ ghara ịpụta ìhè), bleach, agba, wdg. Ihe na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye bụ ncha rosin; ihe na-emeju ya bụ kaolin, calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate na magnesium silicate; ihe na-eme ka mmiri jupụta bụ calcium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, sodium peroxide na hydrogen peroxide, wdg; ihe na-eme ka agba jupụta Jiri agba mmiri na-agbaze na agba agba. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze n'akwụkwọ sitere na ihe kemịkalụ dị ka ihe mgbakwunye pulp. N'ime agba ndị ahụ, a na-ejikarị ọla ndị dabeere na cadmium eme ihe na-acha uhie uhie, a na-ejikwa ọla ndị dabere na lead eme ihe na-acha odo odo, nke nwekwara ike ịgbaze na obere njupụta (mg/L ọkwa) ma kpatara ọrịa. A pụghị imebi ọla ndị dị arọ, n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, enwere ike ịba ha ọtụtụ puku ugboro n'okpuru bio-magnification nke usoro nri, wee banye n'ime ahụ mmadụ. Ígwè dị arọ nwere ike imekọrịta nke ọma na protein na enzymes n'ahụ mmadụ, na-eme ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ, ha nwekwara ike ịgbakọta n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ahụ mmadụ, na-ebute nsị na-adịghị ala ala. Ihe ndị na-agba agba akwụkwọ nwere agba fluorescent na-egbu egbu, akwụkwọ wax nwere monomers fọdụrụnụ, ụfọdụ wax nwekwara ihe ndị na-akpata kansa. Na mgbakwunye, a pụkwara ịgbaze formaldehyde eji eme ihe maka ọgwụ nje ma ọ bụ nhazi resin site na ngwaahịa akwụkwọ.
Mmechi 2
Ugbu a, ọtụtụ mba n'ụwa na-amụ banyere ojiji nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na iji ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa na-adịghị egbu egbu na nke na-adịghị emerụ ahụ. Na azụmaahịa nri mba ụwa, mba ewepụtala iwu na ụkpụrụ dị mkpa iji chebe ahụike nke ndị ahịa ma hụ na ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nchekwa nri. Mmetụta. Ndị mmadụ na-adabere na nri maka mbara igwe, nchekwa nri na-ejikọkwa aka na onye ọ bụla na-azụ ahịa, nchekwa nri aghọọla ihe a na-elekwasị anya. Site na mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke ụkpụrụ ndụ mmadụ na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke sayensị na teknụzụ, ilekwasị anya na nchekwa nri abụghị naanị naanị na nsogbu nke nri n'onwe ya, kamakwa nsogbu nchekwa nri nke ihe na ngwaahịa ndị na-abata na nri nwere ike ịkpata aghọwo ihe a ma ama. Otu n'ime ihe ị ga-elebara anya na ya. Oge kachasị, dị ka mkpuchi pụrụ iche bara ụba, ihe mgbaze dabere na benzene na akpa nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri, na nsogbu nchekwa ndị ọzọ akpaliwo nchegbu na nchegbu zuru oke site n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ.
N'ime ihe ndị e ji echekwa mmanya, a na-eji karama mmanya iko eme ihe dị ka akpa, ojiji ha etolitela nke ọma. Karama mmanya seramiiki ga-emebi emebi n'ihi ihe ndị dị ka porosity na mmiri. Ọkpụkpụ china nwere obere mmiri na obere porosity, a pụkwara iji ya na nkwakọ mmanya. A na-eji ngwaahịa plastik ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu eme ihe nke ukwuu na nkwakọ mmanya, mana ha niile nwere uru na ọghọm nke ha, ihe mejupụtara nke na-agwakọta ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke polymer nwere ike imezu enweghị ike itinye ihe dị iche iche na polymer. Dịka ụlọ ọrụ nyocha sayensị, o kwesịrị ime ka nnyocha na itinye ihe nkwakọ mmanya ọhụrụ n'ọrụ sikwuo ike, chọta ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa kwesịrị ekwesị, nye aha ọkachamara ka mma maka mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanya ahụ, ma kwe ka ọdịbendị mmanya ahụ gbasaa n'ala China.
Oge ozi: Ọktoba-14-2022